Mary Louise Bringle, Ph.D.

PHI 261

Introduction to Philosophy

Syllabus Fall 2001

Description:  “Introduction to Philosophy” courses are structured in a variety of ways.  Some focus on the history of philosophy, identifying major thinkers and schools of thought from the ancient to the modern (or “postmodern”) day.  Others explore the perennial questions that have intrigued philosophers for generations (What is the nature of reality?  How do we know anything for sure?  How do mind and body relate?  Do humans have “free will”?  Does life have meaning?  Are values relative or absolute?  Is there a God?  If so, how can God’s existence be reconciled with physical and moral evil?).  While appreciating the value of these two approaches, PHI 261 opts for a slightly different one.  More “practical” or “applied” than “pure” or “speculative,” it focuses on the relationship of philosophical analysis to concrete issues of human life.  Specifically, we will look together at matters related to morality, science (both natural and social), and religion.  Our guiding questions will thus have to do not only with what we should think, but also with how we should live intelligently, coherently, and responsibly in a complex and often confusing world.

Text:                             Arthur, Shapiro, and Throop, Reason and Culture

Goals:
      By the end of this course, students will be able:
Read, analyze, and comprehend dense textual arguments  
Articulate the positions of key thinkers (historical and contemporary) on major philosophical issues Take and defend personal stands on major philosophical issues, in dialogue with other thinkers (both historical and contemporary)
Exercise a hermeneutic of charity with regard to the ideas of others, and a hermeneutic of suspicion with regard to their own
Communicate in both oral and written forms with passion and precision

Means of Assessment:

·        Attendance and active participation based on careful preparation of assigned materials.  NOTE:  All members of this class are students (the professor included!), and all are teachers (the students included!).  Each of us, therefore, is responsible for bringing to each class a written response to at least one question* posed in the text as a point of entry into understanding and discussing the article(s) in question (*more than one may be noted on particular days).  Some of these written answers will be turned in for a letter grade.  Occasionally throughout the term, you may be asked to develop a written answer into a 1-2 page short paper.

·        Apart from the general procedural rule noted above, we will design the rest of the course together, selecting and scheduling readings for discussion based on the particular interests of seminar participants (see assignment for 8/28 below).

·        Two tests (predominantly essay, with some short, two-sentence “identification” items) will be spaced throughout the semester, one after each unit.

·        One research and position (R&P) paper (c. 5 pages, typed) exploring further an issue or author introduced in the Reason and Culture anthology will provide you the opportunity to read either additional works by the same author, or additional articles on a similar topic.  These R&P papers will be presented orally for the appreciative and critical response of the seminar.

·        Final examination (cumulative, with one section focused on Unit Three).

Accommodations:  If you have documented learning needs and require specific accommodations (time and a half on tests, testing in an alternate environment, etc.), please contact Sue Kuehn in the Office for Students with Special Needs (upstairs in MG) to arrange for a letter to be sent to me.  I will be happy to work with you on these matters.

Attendance, Class Behavior, and Academic Integrity:  For a detailed description of a student’s responsibility and rights, see the Brevard College Student Handbook as well as the college catalog.  While students are strongly encouraged to help on another inside and outside of class in the mastery of logic, performance on tests and exams is a strictly individual matter (unless explicitly noted as collaborative).  Therefore, any violation of the Honor Code will result in a failing grade on the exercise in question and, if repeated, in the course as a whole.

 Calendar

TH    8/23

Introduction to Philosophy:  Issues and Approaches 

TU  8/28    

Designing Our Course
READ:  Preface (vii-viii) and Introduction (pp. 2-13)
SURVEY:  Table of Contents
*Bring to class ten note cards, identifying (one per card) ten essays from the book which you are most interesting in reading.  Provide the author’s name, title and section of article, a précis (most likely gleaned from the overview in the introduction), and a brief statement of why the article intrigues you. We will assemble the remainder of our syllabus around these selections.      

UNIT ONE MORAL PHILOSOPHY
TH  8/30 

Absolutism vs. Relativism
Ruth Benedict, "Morality as Culturally APproved Habits" (22-26)
C. S. Lewis, "The Reality of the Law of Nature" (26-35)

TU  9/4     

Self-Interest vs. Other-Interest
Thomas Nagel, “Morality, Resentment, and Impartiality” (51-54)
Thomas Hobbes, “Morality as Rational Advantage” (35-42)

TH  9/6 Ethics, Values, and Censorship
Paris Adult Theatre v. Slaton (83-84)
Mary Devereaux, "Beauty and Evil" (58-69)
TU 9/11

Liberty and the Limits of Government
J. S. Mill, "On Liberty" (89-97)
Michael Novak, "The Inherent Morality of Capitalism" (115-125)

TH 9/13  

Feelings and Reason in Morality
Bennett, "The Conscience of Huckleberry Finn" (158-166)
Hume, "Feelings as the Basis of Morality" (166-172)

TU  9/18  

Pragmatic Approaches to Ethics
Nagel, "Morality and Practical Reason" (172-178)
Mill, "Utilitarianism" (186-193)

TH       9/20 

Duty and the Categorical Imperative
Kant, "Fundamental Principles . . ." (193-202)
*ESSAY QUESTIONS for TEST ONE DISTRIBUTED

TU  9/25 

Bibliographic session:  Meet in Library

TH 9/27

Library research for Research and Position (R&P) Paper
*ESSAYS FOR TEST ONE DUE

UNIT TWO PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
TU 10/2 Religion and the Meaning of Life
Tolstoy, "Religion as the Source of Meaning" (540-546)
Taylor, "The Meaning of Life" (546-552)
TH   10/4

Religion and Belief in God(s)
Steven Cahn, "Religion without God" (671-674)
John Wisdom, "Gods" (675-680)

TU 10/9 

Religion Pluralism
Malhotra, "The Buddhist Way of Compassion" (520-524)
Hick, "Many Faiths, One Reality" (524-532) 

TH  10/11 

Theism and Theodicy
William James, "Theism" (514-517)
Hick, "The Problem of Evil and Suffering" (646-650)

TU 10/16 Anti-Religion Critiques
Bertrand Russell, "The Evils of Christianity" (569-574)
Freud, "The Future of an Illusion"
TH 10/18 

Religion and Politics
Locke, "A Letter Concerning Religious Toleration" (597-602)
Rawls, "Justice and Religious Freedom" (602-611)

  FALL BREAK
TH 10/25  

*PRESENTATIONS DAY 1 
ESSAY QUESTIONS for TEST TWO DISTRIBUTED

TU 10/30   

 Education and "Freedom of Religion"
Pennock, "Should Creationism Be Taught . . ." (578-589)
Wisconsin v. Yoder, "Who Controls a Child's Education?" (593-596)

TH   11/1  *WILD CARD
TU  11/6 TEST TWO (Short answers in class; Essays due by 5:00 p.m.)
UNIT THREE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
TH   11/8 

Free Will, Determinism, and Moral Responsibility
B. F. Skinner, "Freedom and the Science of Behavior" (396-401)
Richard Taylor, "Deliberation and Freedom" (408-419)

TU  11/13 

*PRESENTATIONS DAY 2              

TH  11/15 Scientific World View and Threats to Meaning
Kurt Baier, "Modern Science and the Loss of Purpose" (269-281)
Stuart Kauffman, "At Home in the Universe" (281-290)
TU  11/20 Critics of Science
Paul Feyerabend, "How to Defend Society against Science" (292-301)
Theodore Roszak, "The Monster and the Titan" (312-324)
  THANKSGIVING BREAK
TU 11/27

Evolutionary and Environmental Issues
Michael Ruse, "Darwinian Ethics" (368-378)
Aldo Leopold, "The Land Ethic" (387-395)

TH 11/29 Kurt Baier, "The Explanation of the Universe" (479-492)
Paul Churchland, "The Explanation of Mind" (492-503)
TU 12/4 Last Class Day: Final Review
   
TU 12/6

FINAL EXAMINATION (1:30 p.m.)

 

Last updated: October 19, 2001

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